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The battery

The battery is one of the useful inventions for humans, as it provides a portable source of electrical energy without the need for electrical outlets, and it is also very useful when power is cut off.

The battery was invented by the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta in 1799 AD; Where he made a simple battery consisting of metal sheets and paperboard immersed in a brine solution, and since that time scientists have used Volta's simple design to make batteries of different sizes and shapes, and the principle of the work of batteries of various types depends on converting the chemical reactions that occur between the metal plates and the brine solution into electrical energy.

Currently, there are many devices that contain batteries, such as wristwatches, smartphones, laptops, electric razors, flashlights, and many others.

How to make batteries

Many types of batteries can be made at home using metallic materials and wires, and conductive materials such as salt water or lemon.

Soda battery

You can make a soda battery by following these steps:

• Providing the materials needed to make the battery, which is:

1. Soft drink can.
2. paper or plastic cup (6-8) ounces; That is (170-230) milliliters.
3. A copper tape that is slightly more than the height of the cup, and its width is (1) inch. The tape can be replaced with wires connected to each other or bent in a zigzag way to reach the desired width.
4. scissors.
5. Potentiometer.
6. Two connecting wires with connecting clips on each end.

• Fill three-quarters of the cup with the soft drink.
• Ensure that the soft drink bottle is completely empty.
• Cut an aluminum strip three-quarters of an inch wide from the side of the soft drink can; So that the bar is a little longer than the cup, and you can buy an aluminum strip instead of cutting part of the soft drink can.
• Sandpaper the aluminum strip that was cut from the soft drink can on both sides (optional).
• Put the strips in the cup filled with the soft drink, making sure that the strips are not touching, then bend the strips so that they hang from the edge of the cup.
• Connect a connecting wire to the first aluminum strip using the connection clip, and repeat this in the second strip, taking care not to touch the connection clip to the soft drink.
• Connect both ends of the wires to the potentiometer as instructed; This is to measure the battery voltage difference, which is approximately 3/4 volts.

Saltwater battery

You can make a battery that works with salt water by following these steps:

• Provide the following materials:

1. A non-metallic plastic or paper cup with a volume of 180-240ml.
2. Two metal strips, different in type, three-quarters of an inch wide. Zinc, copper, or aluminum strips can be used.
3. A tablespoon of 14.79 ml of salt, and a spoon of salt can be replaced with a teaspoon of 4.93 ml of salt, a teaspoon of vinegar, and a few drops of bleach in water, with caution when using bleach; It is a dangerous chemical.
4. scissors.
5. Potentiometer.
6. Two connecting wires with connecting clips at the end of each.

• Fill three-quarters of the cup with water.
• Add 1 tablespoon of salt, or a mixture of salt, vinegar, and bleach to the water, while stirring.
• Put the two metallic strips into the cup, making sure that the strips touch the brine and hang from the rim of the cup.
• Connect a connecting wire to the first metal strip using the connection clip, and repeat that on the second metal strip, taking care not to touch the connection clip to the solution.
• Connecting both ends of the wires to the voltmeter according to the instructions, in order to measure the battery voltage difference, which is approximately 3/4 volts.

Water-powered 14-cell battery

A water-powered battery can be made by following these steps:

• Providing the necessary materials:

1. Some copper wire. Ice cube mold.
2. Water.
3. The number of screws is equal to the number of ice cubes, and an extra screw to use as the negative terminal.
4. scissors.
5. Potentiometer.
6. Two connecting wires with connecting clips at the end of each.

• Cut the copper wire so that it fits to wrap it twice around the top of each screw, then bend the screw into a fishing hook.
• Install one screw on the edge of each cell of the ice cube mold.
• Install a copper wire on the outer end of the cell that is located on the tip of the ice cube mold, install a screw in the terminal cell next to it, and wrap a copper wire on the top of the screw.
• Fill all the cells of the ice cube mold with water, making sure that the water submerges the wire hooks attached to the screws.
• Connect a connecting wire to the wire hanging from the screw using a connection clip, and connect another wire to the wire attached to the cell next to it using a connection clip, taking care not to touch the connection clip with water.
• Connect the free ends of the two wires to the potentiometer; To ensure that the battery that was made has a potential difference of (9) volts.
• The battery voltage difference can be enhanced by replacing the water with lemon juice, a mixture of brine with vinegar, bleach, and lemon juice, or by using more copper.

Hand operated battery

To make a battery operated by hand, follow these steps:

• Providing the materials needed to make the battery operated by hand, which are:

1. A palm-sized copper plate, and another aluminum plate.
2. Potentiometer.
3. Two connecting wires with connecting clips at the end of each.
4. A piece of wood or plastic.

• Lay the copper and aluminum plates on the piece of wood.
• Use clips to connect the copper plate to one end of the potentiometer, and the aluminum plate to the other end of the scale.
• Placing a hand on each plate leads to an interaction between the sweat produced from the hands with the plates and the appearance of a reading on the potentiometer, and in the event that no reading appears, the connections can be reversed.
• Clean the plates with a pencil eraser or dishcloth to get rid of oxidation when you're having trouble getting a reading.

Types of batteries

Batteries can be classified into two main types:

• Primary batteries: They are batteries that are used once and cannot be recharged, and they include: alkaline batteries, zinc-carbon batteries, mercury batteries, and silver oxide batteries.
• Secondary batteries: They are batteries that are rechargeable several times depending on the type of battery, and they include: lead-acid batteries and lithium batteries.

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